Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean Essay

Changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean region from 650 to 1750 C. E. In the period between 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. , the Indian Ocean region endured both change and continuity. One continuity is simply trade, for this 1,100 years the Indian ocean was an important trading zone. One change in Indian ocean trade over those years was which country dominated trade their. Over those years the Indian ocean was controlled by the Indians, the Arabs, the Chinese, and last but not least the Europeans. Their was continuity and change in trade in the Indian ocean over the aforementioned years. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many continuities in commerce. One such continuity was the goods traded. For instance, spices from India and Indonesia such as black pepper were traded constantly to other countries throughout this period. Luxury products such as ebony, silk and fine textiles were also commonly traded in the Indian ocean. / Another example of continuity would be that although no one country always dominated trade in the Indian ocean the Indians and Indonesians were involved with trade to varying degrees throughout this entire time period. Weather it be threw their products being traded, receiving goods from other countries, or doing the trading themselves, they were always involved in trade. / One more example of continuity was how Indian ocean trade stayed so important over the years. Almost all major world powers did trading in the Indian ocean, Europe for instance went to great lengths to find a better trade root between the Atlantic and Indian ocean. The desire to trade in the Indian ocean region is actually what caused Europeans to discover the Americas. The Europeans were looking for a sea rout to get to Asia without going all the way around Africa, so they tried to go around the world, not knowing yet of the Americas existence. Their desire to trade urged them to explore new frontiers. There are many examples of continuity in Indian ocean commerce between 650 and 1750 C. E. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many changes in commerce. One change in commerce over the years was who dominated Trade in The Indian Ocean. Over the course of this time period the Indian ocean trade was dominated by the Indians, the Chinese the Arabs and even the istant European powers. Their were also changes in what goods were traded. Some trade goods like the exotic animals taken from Africa to China that weren’t traded for longer then a few decades. The reason Ming China had imported animals was because they were in an age of exploration at the time and wanted to have some animals for their exotic royal zoo. Also sen ding great explorers like Zheng He showed their ability to travel to distant lands and take what they please. Another change was how things were traded. Over the course of the 1,100 years described many changes occurred in the world of sailing. China had many of these inventions with in it’s walls before this time period. China was so Ethnocentric . that they did not spread their inventions till generations after they were made, and even then it was often by accident The compass were great improvements on how sailors navigated to their destinations. The ships them selves also changed throughout this period. The Chinese Junks were incredible ships, vastly larger then the ones Columbus used, They were equipped with cannons to defend them selves from pirates and were, in their time the most impressive ships on the water. There are changes in commerce in the Indian ocean between 650 and 1750 C. E. Many changes and continuities and in commerce in the Indian ocean occurred between 650 and 1750 C. E. Indian ocean trade can even be related to the discovery of America. Some examples of continuities are; who was involved in trade, what was traded, who dominated trade. Examples of change are; how things were traded, the importance of trade, and what was traded. There were many changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean.

Bloomberg News vs. Agence France-Presse

Comparing Bloomberg News and Agence France-Presse's presentation of a story regarding the recent win of Barrack Obama against Hilary Clinton in the Wisconsin and Hawaii primaries, there are some similarities and differences that can be seen.Both stories from Bloomberg and AFP provide the necessary information that answers the five Ws of a news report.   AFP and Bloomberg wrote about Barrack Obama, Hilary Clinton, and John McCain, the three presidential hopefuls, and the results of the recently concluded primaries in the states of Wisconsin and Hawaii.Both stories follow the inverted pyramid style wherein the most important part of the news can be found at the beginning.   The stories are easy to read and well written.There is however, a marked difference in the use of descriptive language.   For instance,Bloomberg used â€Å"rival† to refer to Mrs. Clinton, while AFP used â€Å"bitter rival† to describe Mrs. Clinton.   Reading the AFP story, one would gleam an e motion from the story, while the Bloomberg report is simply matter-of-fact. Reading the AFP report is like hearing somebody doing an eloquent speech.   On the other hand, reading the Bloomberg report is like listening to a well-prepared board presentation.Probably, the eloquence that can be associated with the AFP report is influenced by the more expressive nature of the French people as a whole.   In the case of the very business-like Bloomberg report, one can reasonably say that the writing is influenced by the hurried world that New Yorkers have.  Ã‚   Another instance where the two stories vary is in the angle they've taken.Early in the story, AFP talks about McCain's preemptive strike against Obama.   The same detail was placed under a separate subheading in the Bloomberg story.   The Bloomberg story has been neatly divided into subheadings, while AFP's story has no subheadings but incorporated all relevant details into a comprehensive news.ReferencesGoldman, J. & Jen sen, K. (2008, February 20). Obama Wins Wisconsin, Adding Votes Before Texas, Ohio.   Bloomberg News.   Retrieved February 20, 2008, fromhttp://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=aoF_avJCMvew&refer=home Oberman, M. (2008, February 20). Obama hammers Clinton again to stretch unbeaten streak. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved February 20, 2008, fromhttp://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jGjzzHGfhWvRQxy7LcMzUqRikkTA  

Anna Todd Jennings Scholarship Essay

Yes, twenty four hour visitation is something all the students wish to have at some colleges but it’s not for all colleges. Some college students always look forward into having fun, playing, and being interactive with the opposite sex. You would never have any privacy time someone would always be in the suite with your roommate or out in the always making loud and disturbing noises. As she said,†Most of college students like to relax in nightgowns, T-shirts, or underwear in their rooms or halls.† Relationships could also become a distraction to the person that is trying to do homework, or trying to study for that big test in the morning. That person who is in that relationship may have that boy or girl in their room to talk or do anything they was planning on doing. So there would be no privacy for yourself not even for work you just might want to take a quick nap, or just relax and watch some television. See more: scholarship essay format Stealing is another big key problem you might have by having twenty four hour visitation. The doors would always be unlocked from people walking in and out not remembering to shut the door. That makes it easier for someone that doesn’t belong in your room to take your stuff. As she also said,† These people might be anything from pranksters to criminals, but anyone leaving a room unlocked would be taking a chance of be robbed or seriously harmed.† I know most parents if they found out their child belongings are missing they would be ready to find out who took their child stuff and that could lead to something even bigger than what it was. In the same way most of racism in any form is evil that should be opposed. Anna Todd scholarship could be another terrible thing because it has a lot of racial comments, or things about. It discriminates on certain religions when scholarships shouldn’t be that way. I feel like not only Anna Todd Jennings scholarship but any other scholarship should be for any student at their leisure. One of the financial aid office representatives says,† He knew about the racial restrictions on the scholarship but thought everyone had the right to apply.† These scholarships are not cheap be apply for and not being able to get it because of your racist. You will have to pay for transcripts, financial statements, pay to get the forms you would have to fill out, etc. Parents would be devastated if they here their child couldn’t get the scholarship because of their race. One student said, â€Å"If we do not take that money and use our education to topple the barriers of prejudice, we are giving the money to those who will use the money in the opposite fashion.† People would take action if they don’t change the scholarship rules. People would try to have riots, protest, or again try to take the founders money. If people don’t believe in racism and don’t want to those types of things to happen to our students and community they would have put and end to that racial act that the school tried to oppose. I hope by refusing to apply for the Anna Todd Jennings Scholarship and not letting twenty for hour visitation into dormitories would better out students and make them have an successful life and school year.

Employee selection and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee selection and development - Essay Example This assignment will cover three areas of interests to the human resource manager. The first section will look at the ways in which a recruitment drive can be improved to ensure that there is a large pool of applicants for a position. The second section will show how the selection process should work based on the skills shown by the applicant in interviews, tests and evaluations and finally, the third section of the assignment will cover the process of further developing the human resources for retention and improvement. In light of the warning given by Britain’s biggest companies, the above mentioned three functions of human resource management become even more important. Recruitment drive should be geared to find the best quality personnel which are available in the market. If that results in finding people who are less than the best possible quality then through the process of training and skills development, the personnel can be developed significantly (Cornelius, 2000). However, before we discuss training and development we have to take a look at the recruitment process in detail and see how it can be improved. Recruitment for any position within an organisation will depend on several factors which influence how people can and should be brought in. For example, the army does not advertise for the position of a general while a bank may require hiring a person to function as their CEO or president. The first step for recruitment therefore depends on the sector and business of the organisation. An example from catering services is provided by Osborne (2005) who says that employee referrals can work wonders for short staffed managers. In fact, employee referrals are only one way in which a company can carryout a recruitment drive. The culture of the industry and the values held by the organisation can point towards several different directions which can be taken by company for effective recruitment. Nottingham’s City

Current Event Review 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Review 4 - Article Example I believe this is a very encouraging measure taken by the European Union. This is because in recent years health threats caused by technology have been mostly sidelined with greater importance given to security. On the other hand, TSA of the United States has tried to offset the alarm rung by the EU decision through biased statistics which demonstrate the improved security resulting from the use of X-ray body scanners. A lately released ProPublica document highlights the hazards of X-ray body scanners stating that up to hundred Americans may possibly fall prey to cancer because of these machines. However, FDA was quick to come up with contrary evidence that cancer risk exists in just 1 among 400 million, thus, playing in the hands of TSA and overlooking the health risks. In my opinion, TSA is not giving due respect to ethics, health and safety of the people. This is because despite of the ruling of EU and reports by ProPublica, it has planned to install further X-ray body scanners in coming times. This is a violation of the Business ethics owing to the fact that the health and the safety of the consumers is the responsibility of the organizations. The installation of these scanners despite of the presentation of the risks of these X ray scanners explains the fact that the health and safety of the people is being compromised. I believe that security is of utmost importance and proper security measures are essential but this should not put the health of people at stake. Instead, safer measures should be opted for so that the purpose of security is fulfilled and at the same time the health of the individuals is not risked. DiSalvo, D. (2011, November 15). â€Å"Europe Bans Airport Body Scanners For "Health and Safety" Concerns.† Forbes. Retrieved from:

Marilyn Frye on opression, racism and sexism Essay

Marilyn Frye on opression, racism and sexism - Essay Example Frye defines oppression by including cultural and economic structures, which according to her are the reasons why ‘dominators’ and ‘subordinates’ exist. She describes oppression by trying to explain the thought that the society itself builds up the idea of sex marking, sex announcing or generally sex identification that according to her must have created advantages among men but disadvantages among women. This according to her has become the root cause of oppression which she strongly defines as, â€Å"A system of interrelated barriers and forces which reduce, immobilize and mold people who belong to a certain group, and effect their subordination to another group (individually to individuals of the oher group, and as a group, to that group)†. Based on this definition, she tries to explicate the point that for as long as women could be generally defined as subordinates and men as dominators, oppression would take place against the former. The suggesti on of what is masculinity and feminity has something to do with the existence of this oppression as Frye argues that as our cultural system tries to train us to behave differently as men and women, extreme dimorphism has become a very obvious outcome (p.239). This according to her has always placed men on the advantage side as they could take power over women. The idea of Frye concerning oppression seems to originate in the cultural foundation and so she tries to conclude that either masculinity or feminity is just a biological transformation that culture inculcates us, which according to her could be changeable the moment we are able to understand how the the things operate and go around us (p.240). She tries to argue this point based on her experience and as a feminist trying to correct the elemental principle linked up with how the fundamental cultural background of every individual could contribute to the prevailing oppression against women, particularly on the ground of sex ide ntification. Clearly, Frye’s discussion on the ways in which oppression operated in society, and the effects it has on both women and men in the case of sexism have to be evaluated, but prior to that it is important to know how she defines sexism. According to her, sexism could involve â€Å"the forces which make us mark and announce sexes are among the forces which constitute the expression of women, and they are central and essential to the maintenance of that system† (p.238). As stated earlier, Frye opposes the idea of domination and subordination and eventually sex identification, as for her these could potentially build the essential foundation of oppression against women. She is trying to look at the negative implication of oppression in this case and is more closely concerned on the welfare of the women who are strongly defined as the subordinates to men’s dominition. On the ground that oppression would lead to overall negative consequences, from the cons equentialist point of view, Frye’s idea of oppression would remarkably make sense (p.233). This means that if men’s dominition would lead to negative impacts against women, then the associated oppression is the end itself to justify the presence of male dominance and eventually domination against women. However, if in the case that dominition by itself, which would allow men to dominate over women is a primary form of a natural, cultural or biological design of putting the society in order, then there must no associated negative connotation of feminity or masculinity. They would just elaborate the appropriate role that

Organism Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organism Physiology - Essay Example Frog and Its Environment Researchers have done a lot of research on the physiology of frog. Some of the main organs of a frog studied extensively by the researchers include head, trunk, belly, webbed foot, hind leg, front leg, tongue, eye, nostril, and tympanum. Let us get an overview of some of the main organs of a frog in order to get an understanding of the roles that these organs play in making a frog adapted to its environment. Retrieved from http://www.infovisual.info/02/026_en.html Physiology of Frog Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about14315.html Head Head is the uppermost part of a frog. The organs present in this portion include nostrils, mouth, eye, and tympanum. The internal structure of this portion includes vomerine teeth, maxillary teeth, internal nostrils, Eustachian tube, glottis, esophagus, and tongue. Trunk The trunk is the central part of a frog. Some organs attached with this part include head and limbs. Rear leg Rear legs of a frog hel p it take short and long jumps. Each of the rear legs has five toes. Rear legs are made in such a way that they act like springs for a frog and help it jump. Frogs have webbed feet, which help them swim in water (Drummond & Tom, 2011). Front leg Front legs of a frog are shorter in length. They help a frog leap forward and save the body from touching earth after jumping. Tongue â€Å"A frog's tongue is fastened in the front, not the back and is folded backward to the throat† (Thomas, 2007). The length of the tongue is nearly one-third of the frog’s overall length. There is a sticky material present on the tongue of a frog which attached the food to the tongue which is eventually swallowed by the frog. â€Å"It takes less than a second for a frog's tongue to roll out, adhere to prey, and roll back into the frog's mouth† (Anonymous, 1999). Frog lives in water as well outside. The amount of time that frogs spend in the water varies a great deal from frog to frog. So me frogs live in water most of the time whereas some live outside. They are carnivores and eat worms, spiders, fish, snails, and other small insects. They live in such environments where they can easily get their prey. They have good eyesight and a sticky tongue which help them get their prey easily. Frog’s eyes also help it take its prey into its belly. â€Å"Frogs' eyes have a surprising auxiliary function: they help in swallowing† (Anonymous, 1999). If we talk about the skin of a frog, we can say that the skin plays a vital role in the survival of a frog. The skin helps a frog breathe and drink. It is a fact that frogs cannot drink water. Therefore, their skin helps the take required moisture inside. The skin also helps frogs take oxygen in the body. Frogs need extra oxygen which their lungs are not able to take. Therefore, the skin of a frog helps it take required amount of extra oxygen that is needed for respiration. A frog also eats its skin once a week. It is a fact that frogs shed their skin once a week while blending, twisting, and stretching. They eat their old skin once they pull it off. Frogs need both soil and water for survival. They do not lay their eggs in soil. The reason is that their eggs do not have any kind of protective shell which can save them properly. Therefore, they lay their eggs in water because water protects their eggs from drying up. Frogs need a pollution free environment to survive. Although they can live in mud but the condition is that the mud should be free of harmful contaminants. Pollutants, such as, pesticides and insect killer sprays are very harmful for their survival because they contaminate the water in which frogs live. â€Å"Declines in amphibian numbers and increases in deformed bodies

Zeitgeist and architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zeitgeist and architecture - Essay Example In respect of the building of choice in this paper, Le unite de Habitation du Marseille form Le Corbusier, It is important to underscore the fact that architectonic space is a syntactic language that attempts to transmit concepts through our most basic instincts. Architecture incorporates the reaction in philosophy and the beliefs of a particular time. Such architectural designs have a direct impact on space which also goes in line with time. From time immemorial art has been part of everyday life of people in various cultural settings. This has been the case with the various aspects of the society ranging from structures, interior design of houses, food arrangement patterns and designing of clothes. Various theoretical concepts have been advanced in respect of the philosophical factors that are taken into consideration when designing various buildings. Architecture is one of the oldest sciences that require in-depth understanding of various factors in respect of the desired structur e. A number of modern towns are experiencing increasing demand for housing with a blend of diverse architectural designs (Mitias, 1999). There are various theoretical concepts that are spoken by the structure itself once it is constructed. Architecture captures the space factor which is increasingly becoming scarce in most residential sites. There have been many cases of setting up buildings in a way that they blend with the topography of the site and the cultural affiliation with the immediate society. Various architecture scientists attest to the fact that the contemporary society strives to spare any little space and maximize the allocated site with an expansive interior and relatively slim exterior. It is common to come across a number of features in many cities which still represent the ancient architecture and are mainly taken through renovation with the building technique kept intact. The cultural affiliation of the people is an important factor in designing various architect ural pieces of art. The ancient time is a reflection of the origin of various concepts and socioeconomic and political concepts that dictated a given way of life amongst the members of the community. This explains the diverse architectural features that are found around the world and the cultural association they have with the given community. It is worth to note that the contemporary architecture considers the serenity of the surroundings and the complexity of the social characteristics of the society. This has been brought about by the increasing sensitivity of people towards colors and their blending (Gargiani, Le Corbusier, Rossellini & Piccolo, 2011). It is important to note that any sensitive architectural creation must incorporate the important influence of image to the public when designing a house. Design of a building says more than words about the prevailing culture, and it explains why some of the ancient buildings have kept under the UN conventions on preservation of cu ltural heritage. The contemporary emergence of globalization is driving urban centers towards over population and a beehive of commercial activities. This requires redefinition of planning the town in terms of structures. Space is becoming a great issue and this explains the research on how the architectures and town planners can come up with beautiful and space saving designs. The increasing competition for space is a matter of great concern among various competing demands of an urban center. There is a need for a revised polychromy of architecture. Ultra-modern art has seen most of the houses designed with vibrant colors and attractive interior design with paints that are water resistant for durability (Mitias, 1999). The adoption of

Parliamentary sovereignty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Parliamentary sovereignty - Coursework Example United Kingdom having unwritten constitution necessitates a likelihood of the parliament to abuse its power in a manner that it is not right considering the power of the law. The possibility of it happening is narrow to zero when relying on the Legislature that it cannot do it due to it adhering to the rule of law. According to Geoffrey Marshalls, he believes that the most universal and undeniable fact of the UK constitutional structure is that legislative never uses it decisive and independent influence of parliament in a totalitarian manner. This declaration seen as an elusive account though there is a plainly believe that the rule of law and constitutional followed procedures. These rises three ultimate queries. To start with how the agreement reached upon, secondly, it is how this convention can ultimately guard against authoritarian and decisive powers and finally how this guard can reinforced for effectiveness. In my viewpoint, I support the statement also; I disagree with it through my explanations in this paper1. The power that Parliamentary sovereignty has makes it possible to recognize legislative as a supreme authority in the United Kingdom, which allows it to make or end any by-law. In general, the courts of law cannot overturn the parliament and in the same case, the legislative body cannot enact a rule that will be hard for the future legislative to change them. It emphasizes the significant role of parliamentary sovereignty has in the United Kingdom. It makes it be recognized as an essential structure of the United Kingdom constitution. As noted the judiciary do play a vital role of make a decision on disputed matters while the parliament role is to implement legislative bills. The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty creates the supreme policy making body of the UK that is the legislature. The laws created by the legislature are non-justifiable which demonstrates the influence of

Wedding Photography Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wedding Photography Survey - Essay Example actice of wedding photography has developed and grown ever since the development of the pictorial art form by Joseph Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce, in 1826 (Baatz 27). An early photograph, in fact, recorded a decade after this was the 1840 wedding ceremony of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria. The market for this endeavour is individuals who look forward to getting married. The venture strictly takes place during the period of the wedding, but not necessarily on the wedding day. The wedding photographers advertise themselves through various mediums such as television or mostly magazines (Baatz 45). A majority of photographers prefer to be paid prior to the service, but all expenses can be refunded if the client is not pleased with the work. Some of the equipments needed are lenses, wide-angle zoom, wide-to-telephoto zoom, image-stabilized telephoto zoom, camera body, flashes and accessories, light modifiers and a bag to hold it all among other items. A recent trend in the wedding photography field is the vintage effect. Photographers are now able to give pictures a vintage effect making the pictures appear as if they were from a different time period (the past) other than now (Baatz 98). Locations include the main wedding venue, parks (places with a lot of tress), as well as water sites. This depends with the preference of the couple. A survey carried out by the Photo District News (PDN), in 2009, confirmed that less bookings with a 6.5% plunge in wedding photography were experienced with a few less hours per week on the venture in 2009 than in 2008 (PDN 1). Wedding photographers who provide a la carte services have increased their costs by 1 ½%. The photographers who provide packages have increased their prices by 3%. The most fascinating part of it is that half of the photographers added a much higher priced package in 2009, by 40+%, and they seem to be photographers who want their incomes to increase every year. Half of the photographers added lower-priced packages that

Childhood Obesity Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Essay What is making the next generation fat? Just a decade or so ago the debate of childhood obesity was not even a matter to be discussed. Our grandparents never even questioned the weight of their children. Their children, our parents, ate healthy foods at the family dining table and played outside all day long, but the subject of childhood obesity has gained quite a bit of interest since those days. With the ever so growing popularity of fast foods, the introduction of Play station and Xbox games and the more demanding careers of todays parents, the overdevelopment of both urban and suburban areas our kids are living sedentary lives and are becoming very overweight. The epidemic of childhood obesity is rapidly rising in America. The number of children who are now overweight has tripled since 1980 and the prevalence of obesity in younger children has more than doubled. Overall, approximately 17% or 12.5 million of the children in the United States between the ages of 2 and 19 are already obese (_C_ _enters for Disease Control and Prevention_ _, 2012_). This finding is very disturbing to many Americans and has caused many debates on who is responsible for this rising epidemic and how can we control it. Childhood obesity is measured by the body mass index (BMI). The BMI is calculated using a childs height and weight. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but it is a reasonable indicator of body fatness for most children. A childs weight status is determined using an age and sex specific percentile for BMI rather than the normal BMI categories which are used to determine an adult BMI. These are used because a childs body composition varies as they age and also varies between boys and girls. Overweight in a child is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.  Obesity in a child is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. The causes of childhood obesity are multi-factorial. Obesity in children is caused by a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, media and marketing campaigns, adverse family conditions, stress and the availability of technology. Most Americans agree that childhood obesity is more prevalent today than ever before. If you look into the bedroom of an average American child you find video games, a computer, usually a television and possibly some other electronic gadgets. Today American children have access to just about anything they could ever want. They just ask and most parents will buy them whatever they want. If you looked into the same childs room thirty or forty years ago you would have probably found baby dolls, toy trucks and probably even some books. You would have found the neighborhood children outside playing in the kickball or hide and seek in the yard. Children played outside from sun up to sun down. The playing of these physical activities outside has unfortunately been replaced by the inactive high tech toys of today. The kick ball and hide and seek games of thirty years ago have now been replaced with games being played on the Play Station, Xbox or Wii. It is estimated that children in the United States are spending at least twenty five percent of their waking hours watching television and statistically children who watch the most hours of television have the highest incidence of obesity. If you take another look inside the house of 30 years ago you would find a dad who went to work every day and a mom who stayed home to tend to the household duties and the children. With the rising cost of our day to day living expenses in America, most homes now must have both dad and mom working full time to make ends meet. Over the last two decades there has been an increase in the number of dual income families as more women have entered the workforce and more women become the sole supporter for their single parent family. This new way of living has caused American children to eat whatever is convenient for mom or dad to fix or for some children to eat whatever is easiest for them to fix for themselves. Constraints on time has made working parents rely more heavily on prepared, processed, and fast  foods, which are generally high calorie, high fat, and low in nutritional content. Usually these easy meals come in greasy bags from fast food establishments or in plastic wrappers within a frozen cardboard box and have to be cooked in the microwave before eating. In some homes the stove never even gets warm from preparing a meal more than once a week. These easy meals are contributing to the growing epidemic of childhood obesity. Todays youth are considered the most inactive generation in history and the marketers of fast food have taken full advantage of it. American children are exposed to some 40,000 or more food advertisements per year. (_U.S. D_ _ept. of Health Human Services_ _, 2011_). Most of these advertisements promote fast food. Therefore, the expanding fast-food industry is another cause for the rising childhood obesity epidemic. Fast food companies like McDonalds or Burger King are not only selling their food, but also have a way of marketing which is not fair to consumers. Most fast food restaurants offer a toy together with a childrens meal. Usually the toy is from a popular new movie or television show so it is very appealing to children. Children are stimulated to eat junk food because they know they will be rewarded with a toy. Psychological issues and stress are said to cause obesity in adults, but they both can cause obesity in children as well. Some children have a difficult time dealing with stress, so they use food to comfort them when they feel unsure of things. Like adults, they too use food as a comfort when they feel, bored, anxious or angry. Children in the past did not have to worry so much about parents being divorced and remarried, mothers that worked long hours or fathers that traveled for most of the week. Todays economy has put financial strain on parents and children cannot help but to hear and feel the results of these tough economic times. The children of this generation are all too familiar with all of these situations. Each child has to contend with different factors in their lives and they too turn to food as a solution. Our environment too has an effect on the growing number of obese children. Experts are now looking to at our environment as a cause of the rapid  increase of obesity in children in the United States. In urban and suburban areas the overdeveloped environment can create obstacles for children to stay physically active. In urban areas the space for outdoor recreation can be scarce, which prevents kids from having a protected place to play. Neighborhood crime, lack of street lighting and busy traffic can impede children from being able to run and play or ride bicycles as a means of daily exercise. In the suburban areas, the evolution of sprawl can prevent children from walking or biking and contributes to the great amount of dependence on using motor vehicles to get around. Suburban neighborhoods too lack resources for physical recreation and many suburban neighborhoods do not include sidewalks. Genetics and DNA are also contributing factors in the causes of childhood obesity. A group of British researchers checked the DNA of 300 children who were overweight. They looked for extra copies or deletions of DNA segments. They found evidence that a deletion of DNA may promote obesity. The deletion of chromosome 16 is thought to cause obesity in children because it removes a gene that the brain needs to respond to the appetite controlling hormone leptin. Children with a chromosome 16 deletion appear to have a very strong drive to eat. These children are very, very hungry and always want to eat. (_British Medical Association, 2005_) This very slim chance may be the only cause that we cannot change. Unfortunately, some children are destined to obesity. These children are born with the genes that cause them to put on weight more easily and quicker than other children. These children end up storing the fat more easily than other children. There is not anything these children can do about their genes. Despite the strong influence that genetics can have on the epidemic of childhood obesity, studies show that our genetic makeup has not changed dramatically over the last couple of generations. Therefore the increases and prevalence of childhood obesity has to be mostly from other behavioral and environmental factors, not genetics. There are a number of root causes of obesity in the children of the United States. Selecting one or two main causes is next to impossible because the potential influences are multiple and intertwined. With the contributing factors of technology, family structure, advertising, stress and our  physical environment we are making the next generation fat. We can make small changes that will have a significant impact on the issue of childhood obesity. Parents and caregivers can encourage children to adopt healthy eating habits and be more physically active. We need to focus on overall good health, not necessarily a certain goal weight. We should teach and model healthy and positive attitudes toward food and physical activity. We should establish daily meal and snack times, and eat together as families as much as possible. When we shop for groceries we should purchase foods that will give children a wide variety of healthful foods to choose from. We should try to plan meals and serve them in sensible portions. Allowing children to scoop their own food can promote them eating in unhealthy amounts. These are just a few ideas of small change that can make a huge difference. We also need to promote exercise as much as possible. Having children walk to school when distance and safety allows is great exercise. Children should be encouraged to play outdoor games rather than just be allowed to sit in front of the television. There are plenty of activities that our children can do to get exercise. Remember even household chores like raking leaves or running the vacuum cleaner constitute as exercise. Washing the car on a hot summer day can be fun while they are getting exercise. Some children will jump at the chance to earn a few bucks. Children can be rewarded with a few dollars and they will never know they are being bribed into getting some exercise. Eating out is another place to be mindful of our decisions. When eating out is it important to be conscious of our food choices and try to keep healthy eating in mind. Lots of fast food places now offer healthy alternatives. The obesity issue is prevalent in the next generation, but it is not too late for us to work together to reverse this epidemic. REFERENCES British Medical Association, June 2005. _Preventing Childhood Obesity._ London: British Library Catalog. Centers for Disease Control, July 16, 2012, _Overweight and Obesity_. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html Ford-Martin, Paula. _(2005) The Everything Parents Guide to the Overweight Child._ Massachusetts: Adams Media Hassink, Sandra G, MD, FAAP. (2006) A _Parents Guide to Childhood Obesity._ United States: American Academy of Pediatrics. Herscher, Elaine, Woolston, Chris and Tartamella, Lisa. (2004) _Generation Extra Large._ New York, New York: Basic Books. Ludwig, David, MD, Ph.D. (2007) _Ending the Food Fight._ New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Ph.D. (2005) Im Like, So Fat! New York: The Guilford Press U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 19, 2011, _Childhood Obesity._ Retrieved from: http://www.hhs.gov

Gold Mining in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Gold Mining in South Africa Essay The critical issue facing the mining industry according to Zoli Diliza chief executive, chamber of mines is ensuring that the mineral policies of South Africa aligns with the highest standard of administrative justice, promote an internationally accepted level of security of tenure and invariably promote an enabling environment that will attract investors into south Africa, hence, improving her competitiveness. Gold’s rarity, beauty and durability have ensured its use as a medium of exchange as well as astore of value There has been a power crises issue in South Africa which has led to the shut down temporarily of major gold operations. This is a serious problem that in that there is limited capacity to bring the mine workers of the enclosed spaces in the mine due to ventilation breakdown. Continues power outages which have resulted in disrupted operations in the goldmines obviously have a significant impact on world gold supplies mine, this is one of the reasons South Africa is taking the backseat as the world’s largest producer of gold with china taking the front seat. Lawrence William) (2008) It was recorded in 2010 that gold production was down to 200 tons. Despite the substantial increase in the real price of gold in recent years, there has been a continuous decline in gold production , unless substantive new capital investment in new mines is attracted the decline in production is likely to continue. There is also a decline in engineering and manufacturing activities associated directly to the gold mining industry. Inorder words, the consequence of the decline in gold production in south africa has been the loss of major sectors of South Africas previous substantive heavy engineering and manufacturing capacity The gold industry in the early 1990s experienced a tight profit squeeze and voilatility in prices, that period was also seen by rampant inflation. The pressure that generated the profit squeeze was as a result of workers demand related to their salaries as awell as housing, health and safety. Another important cause was due to stagnant prices which reducesd reserves amd discouraged exploration of mines. And as expected, the profitabilitu constraint led to retrenchment of workers as a management mechanism for the mines. The gold industry in SA faced a tight profit squeeze in the early 1990s. The gold price was kept at a constant nominal rand value by the Reserve Bank from 1988 to 1992 despite rampant inflation. The 1987 great mineworkers strike was the highpoint of employment numbers. Profit margins were under severe pressure both from worker demandsrelated to wages as well as housing and health and safetyand from stagnant commodity prices which reduced reserves and discouraged new exploration. In addition to profitability constraints, retrenchments were a weapon of mine management to reduce the effectiveness of the National Union of Mineworkers as it recovered from the strikewhich had seen the dismissal of many union leaders. There was common cause that the industry needed to restructure in order to extend its life. The article put forward proposals from a labour perspective.

Analysing The Zombie Horror Genre

Analysing The Zombie Horror Genre The zombie horror Genre is the theme and genre that will be analyzed to understand the detailed examination of a recurring pattern between these types of movies. There will be many examples of the films from this genre to support my arguments. The literary influences on the genre such as Richard Matheson helped to usher in a new type of monster that was caused by humans through contamination. George A. Romeo built upon this idea to give us more and different types of ideas. The variations and changes within the genre over the years has been one that consisted of far off set and poorly constructed monsters. The impact of particular individuals on the genre such as George A. Romeo has lead to a completely different kind of movie. The importance of social and economic forces on the genre has influenced a resurrection of the horror zombie genre. The world in horror films is inclined to end with alarm not quietly but the type of alarm depends on the film. The main prevailing manner of mas s annihilation in horror movies is reason they are so interesting. Each film will divulge something fascinating about our society and the uncertainties and fears that we all share. An exceptional zombie movie will make you sympathize with the characters and build on the plot to allow for a real deep developed film. Zombie movies pick out are darkest fears and put them into film to scare us whether it may add political undertones. These movies depict the world being completely empty from the evil undead monsters because they have destroyed social order. Zombie movies need a strong lead character that is willing to fight for all the members of the team and for the less fortunate that are in need. These films tend to have dark scenes and lighting setting the mood for fear and adrenaline to scare the audience. They have poorly lit at night in a familiar location where help is not available or never seems to come. There are terrible hidden secret that tends to be overly shocking. They tend to have a tragic hero that never wanted to be that is searching for their own family members. The monsters or villains never truly die and can always be brought back or explained why they never truly died. Cliffhangers are a main theme of horror movies as it can always be left open to the idea of a sequel The older zombie movies depicted viral pathogens. An immense global epidemic state of affairs became progressively more popular in the 1970s. As greater than before sexual freedom, elevated the distress of infectious ailments such as sexually transmitted diseases. By the turn of the 21st century, the increases of notable illness like swine flu, AIDS, SARS and the Ebola virus. This allowed these sort of end of the world movies to be a popular subject of horror films. Zombie movies have changed from the early days of the original zombie films. These modern zombie flicks bring a completely new dimension. Back in the day, either a chemical spill or voodoo curse that could cause the dead to rise. The Night of the Living Dead zombie movie was a revolutionary interweave into this film. This may have been the start of a new type of zombie film. George Romeros Night of the Living Dead reinvented zombie tradition in 1968. The zombie apocalypse of the past the graphic violence was able to repro duce the amplified glumness of the Vietnam War period. In the modern times, the zombie apocalypse has had a resurrection, prompted by worries of terrorism, disease, and global flux, which is basically a division of the viral infection. The zombie contagion in which a pathogen triggers the dead to rise has undertaken an existence of its own regard since then. The Last Man on Earth (1964), The Plague of the Zombies (1966), Night of the Living Dead (1968), The Omega Man (1971), The Crazies (1973), Rabid (1977), Dawn of the Dead (1978), Burial Ground: Nights of Terror (1981), Day of the Dead (1985), Dead Alive (1992), 28 Days Later (2002), Shaun of the Dead (2004), Angry and Moist: An Undead Chronicle (2004), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Land of the Dead (2005), 28 Weeks Later (2007), Planet Terror (2007), I Am Legend (2007), Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), Mulberry Street (2007), Day of the Dead (2008), Doomsday (2008), Diary of the Dead (2008), The Signal (2008), Zombieland (2009), Carr iers (2009), Pontypool (2009) and The Crazies (2010). The movie and all its successors initiate the zombie film to generate numerous copycats that used the fundamentals establishment by George A. Romero. Some of these such movies are: Tombs of the Blind Dead (1971), Zombie (1979), Hell of the Living Dead (1980), Night of the Comet (1984), Return of the Living Dead (1985), Night of the Creeps (1986), Children of the Living Dead (2001), House of the Dead (2003).. The video game series Resident Evil that was eventually made into films in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010 and the video games series Dead Rising (2006). Night of the Living Dead is spoofed in movies such as Night of the Living Bread (1990) or Shaun of the Dead (2004). Some of the television shows are that have used the idea are Buffy the Vampire Slayer, South Park, Pink Eye (1997), Halloween Spectacular of Spooky Doom (2001) and FBI Warning of Doom (2002). There are also others such as Night of the Living Homeless (2007), Medium; Bite Me (2009), The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror III (1 992), XIII (2004) and XX (2009). Operation Doom (2010) George A. Romeros movie Night of the Living Dead leads in the splatter film sub-genre. Prior to this film horror had frequently portrayed people in bad costumes, rubber masks, cardboard arrays or shadowy figures that creep around mysteriously. They were set in locations distant from suburban and rural America. Romero exposed the influence behind utilization and setting horror in common and normal locations. This offered a model for creating a successful and profitable film on a very small development budget. The slasher movies of the 1970s and 1980s to name a few notable ones such as John Carpenters Halloween (1978), Sean S. Cunninghams Friday the 13th (1980), and Wes Cravens A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984). All of these movies are indebted to the original concepts Night of the Living Dead, which they later used to inspire them in their own films. Each of these films was successful in their own right and adds something new to the horror genre. This movie I Am Legend (2007) is not a zombie movie but it does fit into the idea that a plague has changed the human population and destroyed it. I Am Legend (2007) is a remake of the original The Omega Man. It is from the genre of the drama, horror, sci-fi and thriller. A year after an infection destroys nearly all of humanity and changes the rest into monsters. The sole survivor in New York City strives boldly to find a cure. Richard Mathesons literary novel did influence many movies such as The Last Man on Earth written in 1964, Night of the Living Dead (1967), The Omega Man in 1971 and I Am Omega (2007. The movie Night of the Living Dead (1967) spurred the genre in a new direction for many years to come. Robert Neville was an ordinary person who was caught up in extraordinary circumstances. Neville is a scientist who was powerless to prevent the spread of the horrifying virus that was untreatable and fabricated by man. Neville is resistant and now the final human being survivor in what remains of New York City and possibly the whole world. Neville has dependably transmitted daily radio messages for three years. He is burdened to locate any other survivors who may be out there. Nonetheless, he is never truly alone because altered victims of the infection the contaminated skulk in the darkness watching his every move. They are waiting for him to make a critical error in judgment. He has hope to able to save humankind but he knows that time is running out. Neville wants to discover a technique to undo the problems of the virus using his own blood, which is immune. This is his one mission that drives him to keep going each day. Dawn of the Dead (2004) is an action, drama, horror and is a remake of the original movie Dawn of the Dead (1978). It was George A. Romero who was able to transform and modernize the zombie horror film genre by means of producing Night of the Living Dead this movie represented a new dawn in horror filmmaking. The film has also successfully been able to distinguish the use of the expression zombie. This is one example of the serene beginning to a zombie horror film that extra long. The sky view is the picture of perfect serenity. It all creates a more tragic scene when quite surprisingly, morning comes all too excessively soon. With morning, all that is rational ceases to exist. The pure pandemonium of the circumstances of an epidemic of a deadly virus that turns those infected into the undead. It comes so abruptly that it clutches the viewer from beginning to end. A nurse, a police officer, a young married couple, a sales representative and many other survivors of a worldwide afflict ion band together to fight for their lives. The affliction is producing aggressive, flesh-eating zombies and the survivors procure shelter in a shopping mall. This is a nightmare of a horror movie, which contains real horror thrills. The survivors protected at the abandoned local mall. People not being content to fight just an outside force must also be fighting with each other. The infection begins slithering increasingly close to bring them all to the threshold of extermination. The zombies are extremely quick and a lone bite from them leads to bleak fate of mindlessness and but solitary gunshot to the head prevents them. 28 Days later (2002) is of the genre horror, sci-fi, and thriller. This movie is about a rage virus that forces the contaminated crazy person to be hungry for blood and filled with extreme rage. Within 28 days or four weeks after the mysterious outbreak, that takes place in London. A few remaining survivors attempt to locate a sanctuary, while the incurable virus spreads throughout the United Kingdom. The entire population is either dead or evacuated leaving behind bloodthirsty contaminated inhabitants and a few of the solitary unaffected individuals. Civilization has come to a standstill; the inhuman suffererà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s frequent attacks devastate the social order, while those limited survivorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s battle for continued existence. Danny Boyleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 28 Days Later is a classic among a multitude of zombie and biohazard movies. This movie contains within it that there is always a tinge of sadness, emptiness, helplessness. A prime example is the empty Lon don scene with that background music. This films utmost accomplishment is to allow the audience to remain unbiased all the way through the movie. This is exclusive of picking either side this is because the virus is simply used as a metaphor. Dead and undead both can be sympathized with since neither truly wants to be in either predicament. Rage is depicted as a serious social disease. That idea allows the film to a much more serious one and not just another zombie movie. It is a movie with a message to the audience to wake up and look around them at the social disorder that is already occurring every day. Resident Evil (2002) movie the film adaptation based on a video game. The genre is action adventure horror. It became a successful franchise video game series Resident Evil that was eventually made into films in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010. Paul W. S. Anderson was the director of this particular movie but with each movie, the director changed. This may have helped keep the movies fresh and inspired. A special military division battles an authoritative, unmanageable supercomputer that has engineered a virus. After a laboratory accident, many scientists have mutated into zombies. It has turned most of the scientists and employees of the facility into rampaging flesh eating zombies. Much gunfire, combating, explosions aid in developing the mysterious cliffhanger ending that leaves things extensive unwrapped for another sequel. Up until this point, the zombie movie theme seemed to be much outdated. They were still making them throughout the 1990s but we they were not as popular as films li ke that George A. Romero did. Nothing was particularly innovative or exhilarating was being made with the zombie concept. The one place where it was really doing well was in the world of gaming such as Resident Evil. Even when a film is in production, very few movies based on these games stick to the intended story line. Resident Evil brought resurgence to the zombie movie subgenera and was hot again. More and more zombie movies were being made and Most zombie films start with the picture of perfect serenity to allow the viewers to get comfortable before the mayhem begins. The viewers are allowed to learn a little bit about the character and get to like them. Once you begin to like the character then they are eradicating in a gruesome way and the viewer feels for them. They feel like they personally have gotten to know some of their journey and feels for them. Fans of zombie movies may be a smidgen dissatisfied when a movie takes a while for the zombies to show up and start their mayhem. These types of movies are trying to establish a plot and story line. Most films are by-product of other action, science fiction and zombie films. Another type of opening scene that is popular is the sudden and fearful jolt of a tense and terrifying opening sequence. A film that moves at a brisk pace that uses slow motion so the viewer can catch important scenes. Fan are much more interested in these types of scenarios but they do leave little t o the imagination of what the movie is really about. Most of these movies do have a satisfying conclusion are the only real problem areas in the horror movie genre. This is to be expected in the genre as not all the questions can ever be answered and some mystery must be left for sequels if they are to follow. Being that they are horror movies characters no matter how much you like them, they must die in order to continue with the story line. In zombie films the characters are picked off one by one People must work together to survive in a horror film and if they do not overcome their differences and band together they will survive until the end. The characters come from all occupations to learn to get along collectively. Almost immediately more survivors arrive and they discover that if they wish to remain alive, they should bond together as the army of undead overruns the world. The genre is every changing and having new life breathed into it as new film makers finish school and are inspired to change the old into something new and f resh.

The Biopower of Beauty Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mimi Thi Nguyen

In â€Å"The Biopower of Beauty: Humanitarian Imperialism and Global Feminism in an Age of Terror,† Mimi Thi Nguyen argues that beauty as a measure of moral character functions to regulate an individual. Nguyen explains that beauty promises to be redemptive and bring an individual from the outside in relation with the world(362). For example, the United States through nongoverenmental orgainizations (NGO’s), have promoted beauty to Afghanistan women because it is a way if liberating them from an uncivilized barbaric society that oppresses them to hide their beauty through the veil. According to Kant, the veil is considered ugly because it hides the body, which is associated with the erotic. Kant claims that beauty made visible is true and good, while the invisible is ugly and erotic (266). Nguyen claims using Kant that beauty is connected to morality because it makes visible what the â€Å"ugly† is trying to hide by providing a pathway in which beauty can impr ove ones life. Nguyen asserts that individuals use beauty as a serious of techniques to produce knowledge and emotions that function to portray the individual with dignity in comparison to the â€Å"ugly†. Thus, the use of beauty as an educational tool that measures their character is an important factor in teaching women to associate themselves with the rest of the world. Nguyen states the programs that NGO’s provide for women who do not have the knowledge to make themselves beautiful, serve as programs of empowerment that are connected to forms of dominance (360). Nguyen claims through beauty, Afghanistan women are suppose to feel a sense of self-worth and agency that was denied to them, while adhering to a set of western ideals of beauty. Nguyen claims this produces individual... ...auty School. From Nguyen, beauty functions in foucauldian terms because the students are made aware about their bodies in relation to the west that forces them to regulate themselves in order to adhere to beauty norms and standards set forth by their instructors. Nguyen contends that the western experts then shape the bodies of the students, who will then shape the bodies of others who also want to be like the west. Since western institutions are in charge of the Kabul Beauty School, the beauty school functions to cultivate women who want to preserve beauty for the sake of their dignity and morality as a tool against the â€Å"ugly† and uncivilized who are not like the west. In conclusion, Nguyen argues that beauty connected to morality justifies the United States intervention within Afghanistan that regulates individuals to accept western culture over their own.

Alien and Sedition Power: The Story of an Immigrant :: essays research papers

In the beginning, of our country, it was the Federalist Party with supreme power. In 1796, John Adams, a federalist, was President and the majority of congress was made up of federalists. John Adams was a very strong leader. He believed in federalist actions very much. He helped bring federalists to their current position. They were supreme, the law of the land. There was only meager opposition: the Democratic-Republican Party (DRP). This new party was led by Virginians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Jefferson, at the time, was Vice-President but that is till an inferior position to Adams. The DRP believed in â€Å"power to the people† while the Federalists thought that a strong national government was needed to help our country. But both side agreed on one thing, America was a free land. It was a place for people of all kinds to live. This was an ideal home for freedom seeking immigrants, especially the French.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Hey Gabriel, the boat is docking! We must be ready to get off when it reaches the pier.† I yelled into the steerage cabin. â€Å"We’re finally in America!† Hi, my name is Jacque Savoie. I’m a Frenchman. My wife and I are going to start a new life here in the United States of America. We are searching for a land where we can be free, away from the tyrant king of France. In this land we will be granted the right to vote and to even run for a position in government! Our voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was long, tiring, and really bad too but I think that it was worth it. Our boat has landed in Raleigh, Virginia in the month of June and from here we will start our journey. The summer weather is in our favor. I heard that a guy named Thomas Jefferson is a man who can help us get our citizenship and that he also approves of a people run government. He is the Vice President but some say he used to be a commoner, form right here in Virginia. Anyway, tomorrow my wife and I are going to the Town Hall to legalize our citizen ship. I am going to become a citizen! I arrived at the Raleigh Town Hall yesterday at approximately 4:00 p.m. My wife and I approached the front office, with all of our paperwork filled out, and asked for our citizenship. The man looked up and laughed.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Fellow graduates, honored guests, faculty, administration: Minna-san, Konbanwa Dobri Vecher Buenos Noches Bon Soir Good evening. We, of Cedar Community College, are many nations. We are men and women, husbands and wives, parents. We are young and not-so-young. Behind the face of every graduate, and just as distinct, is a different story, a different reason, and a different use for the education for which we have assembled this evening to recognize. We serve to enrich the campus community, as we are not just a cross-section of this nation, but of the world. Displayed in the Brier Hall cafeteria are 50 national flags to signify our cultural heritage here at Cedar. Yet regardless of our diverse origins, we come here bound by a common thread: to acknowledge to ourselves and to others that we met and overcame the challenges needed to achieve this milestone. This great gift of education we entitle ourselves better prepares us for challenges yet ahead. There isn't one among us who hasn't made sacrifices, or know of someone who made them on our behalf, so we could be here thi...

Change Speech -Kite Runner, Poem, Article Essay

One can perceive change within themselves in various ways and through various mediums. Today I stand before you, ladies and gentleman to discuss with you three significant Changing Self texts I believe, strongly connect in their own ways with the Representations of Changing Self expo. Change can be an immediate process or it can be a series of events over a prolonged period of time like it is in Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner, published in 2003. However, using different texts The Kite Runner and perhaps a poem, like The Door, by Miroslar Holub for example, can represent change of self not only in a different format, but also connecting ideas that change can be triggered by a certain event or experience in history which can leave a lasting impact on the present and future. At times we need to be coached or pushed into change, however in other instances we are called to embrace the opportunity as it arises. Sometimes we come across change unknowingly, by innocence or fear of circumstances as of a true story of an Indian boy named Saroo who unknowingly was driven through the process of change. Changing Self can be a very difficult process to acknowledge and to accept. This idea is significant in The Kite Runner; a ‘deeply moving’ novel demonstrates how a horrific experience of one unforeseen event can change the present and future of a young life. Amir slowly develops realisation with age that another change is required to bring about a new beginning or ‘a way to be good again’, as Rahim Khan said presented as a ‘one time’ opportunity . As discussed in the beginning of the novel we are revealed with a component of the past which reflects the choice of future Amir is faced with. The result of Amir’s dreadful experience of watching his servant friend, or not-so-much friend, Hassan being raped and the fact that he didn’t do anything about it, or step in and fight Asef before any commotion began fills Amir with unsound guilt and remorse which he proved unable to hide away from, ‘it was my past of untatoned sins† as quoted. This guilt is too powerful for him to acknowledge, so much so that he takes the course of trying to change the way things ran around his home, by getting rid of Hassan from his life. Amir runs away, metaphorically and literally from the environment and surrounds in hope to seek a better mind and reality. Using the literal ‘running’ from Afghanistan to America to seek safety, he does this metaphorically as he tries to run away from the guilt he cannot let go of. The symbolic use of the cleft lip is a significant detail in the novel used to classify that a person can be identified through specific events and choices, positive or negative. By this whereas Hassan had a cleft lip as a child, this same scenario is changed around as Amir embraces the opportunity to ‘become good again’ and save Sohrab, Hassan’s son, and Amir’s own nephew, from Asef. Amir changes his old cowardice to courage, stepping fourth to fight a losing battle with Asef, a noted, ‘cathartic’ experience, relieving himself from pain, with pain from the blows of Asef, leaving Amir with a cleft lip also. Only to be saved by Sohrab with the repeated symbolic use of the slingshot, this was also used to save Amir from Asef by Hassan years before. Amir feels as though he has positively changed for the better by embracing opportunity and new attribute of courage, filling in the gaps of his stained past. Changing self may be presented as a door of opportunity or experience we may be called to open. The Door, an influential, yet daring poem by Miroslar Holub emphasises in an imperative tone of urgency and pushiness that any change is better than no change at all. Therefore, one must embrace any change as the opportunity presents itself. The symbol of the door is an indicator of opportunities, and the need for them to be open, just as Rahim Khan was a door of opportunity for Amir to open and experience the ‘drought’ or movement of change willing to take place, good or bad. The words, ‘if there is a fog, it will clear’ demonstrates how this presented opportunity for Amir to relieve his life of guilt with be finally removed with action of ‘opening the door.’ The repetition of ‘go and open the door’ is not only encouraging but coaching and emphasising that if all doors are opened and even if so many are negative, there will still be a positive movement because the door was opened and ‘at least there will be a draught,’ or rather, at least you will have tried to do something about an awful event or experience with an unseen future and not remain in the same position, dealing with the guilt and regret, which cannot escape. As long as the door remains shut, the air will remain stuffy and uncomfortable to breathe in, so coming fourth and opening the door will let fresh air and new opportunities to evolve. The writer explains the positives of change which is used to entice or urge the reader to want to experience a new change of air. Changing circumstances in one’s life can erratically change and impact one’s life within a series of events contained by a short span of time. This concept is represented in the deeply touching true story of an Indian boy, named Saroo which was published in the Sydney Morning Herald back in March this year. Throughout 25 years, young Saroo went through an array of unforseen events which lead him away from lifelong poverty and his mother to where he is today, amongst the rich living in Australia. Just as the Herald Sun writes, ‘Australia’s very own, slum dog millionaire!’ Why was this so? Many say it occurred because of fate. When Saroo, whom at the time was only five years old- awoke alone and very frightened at one of India’s very many train stations very late in the evening after he had fallen asleep waiting for h is brother to return. At this part of Saroo’s life, he had very little and was uneducated. Was it fear or was it God or a mixture of the both who persuaded young Saroo to pursue looking for his brother in the closest train simply because, ‘he might be in there.’ This simple child’s thought shunted and altered his life away from anything he ever knew†¦ one unforseen event, encouraged by fear, taking the opportunity to open the doors which lead to a train, almost leaving to go to Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald describes this event as ‘the night his young life’s course was altered forever.’ This change of self is represented by the innocence of a young boy. This concept is characterised by Saroo explaining how the reality of trying to get home became a dead end, just like, all the trains he road, to try and reach home, only to meet with another dead end. Various aspects of Saroo’s life were in fact ‘dead ends’ but when it came to his life depending on it, just as Amir depended on the opportunity from Rahim Khan, as unforseen at the time as it was both boys embraced their opportunities to find something, whether a brother or second chance. They opened the door. Saroo’s door opened eventually to a family from Australia whom adopted him, suddenly and strangely out of his life course, he landed himself in Hobart. In conclusion, we can gather that changing self can be a difficult process, yet also an unforseen process which may take place over a series of events. These three researched texts have shown connecting and similar views that we must make use of experience and opportunity of change as it arises. Through these views, we are challenged that ultimately it is up to ourselves via thoughts or actions or a mixture of both to decide the course of change we are willing to take. In the Kite Runner, it is up to Amir to choose to put himself in danger to make up for his guilty past, The Door commands us to take opportunities, and yet in the Sydney Morning Herald’s feature Story illustrates that with physical experience change is forever impacting. Each of these demonstrates in their own way how change can somewhat be forced upon a person and ultimately deliver them into a new direction.

Green Washing and Its Effects on Consumer Perspectives Essay

The term green washing denotes the use of false or misleading information concerning green marketing by companies to compel consumers to buy their products on the perception that the company is environmentally friendly. It involves the misleading use of green marketing to endorse a false perception that the company products or policies are environmentally friendly. Green washing has been growing in the recent years mainly due to the increasing demand for green products. Due to increasing concerns about global warming, consumers are increasingly demanding for economically responsible products (Hart, 1997). Companies that seek to survive have no option but to either provide these products or to fake them. Another reason why green washing is growing is due to the fact that the sales of green oriented products have increased. A study carried out in the United States showed that in 2007, 328 products labelled â€Å"environmentally friendly† were launched by major manufacturers. This was a significant increase as in 2002 only 5 products were labelled the same (Bansal & Roth, 2000). The rise of green products in the market has forced companies to undertake green washing in order to compete effectively. Another reason why green washing is growing is that the communication of environmental messages is still not controlled by any industrial wide standards. Companies are free to disseminate information about their environmental policies without any restrictions hence they can provide misleading information at will. The final reason why green washing is common is that government action and regulation is still pending. An analysis by HSBC on passed and pending economic stimulus packages of 15 countries reported that over US $3 trillion is intended to stimulate economies for the next ten years (Bazzillier & Vauday, 2009). A large percentage of this money will support environmental objectives. This situation has resulted in the increase of lobbying which in turn has resulted in a situation whereby companies have to hunt tactical opportunities that do not conform to their messages on environmental friendliness. Ways of Carrying out Green Washing There are several techniques of green washing employed by companies. Although only a few literatures exist on the subject, the basis of identifying these techniques is that proposed by the TerraChoice Environmental Group. The group did research on the manners with which companies mislead consumers about their environmental friendliness and came up with six ways which they dubbed â€Å"the six sins of green washing. † The first sin is â€Å"the sinof hidden trade off†. This involves the attempt by companies to promote a product as green by using only one environmental attribute or an intolerable narrow set of attributes disregarding other more important environmental issues. Although the claims are not false, they portray a â€Å"greener† picture of the product which cannot be supported by a full environmental analysis. The second sin is â€Å"the sin of no proof. † This involves all information disseminated by a company about environmental friendliness but cannot be validated by easily accessible supporting information. According to a study by Bazillier and Vauday (2009), communication of full CSR activities by companies to customers is impossible. As a result, two types of information communicated to consumers exist, hard and soft information. Hard information is that which can be verified by customers but tends to be costly while soft information is that which is readily available to consumers but cannot be verified.

My Favorite Person

My favourite person â€Å"Michael Jordan† † I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † Those encouraging words were spoken by Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 17, 1963. He moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. I am going to tell you why Jordan is in fact so famous. He had to go through tough obstacles all his life.His love for basketball began when his older brother, Larry, continuously beat him in one-on-one pickup games. Michael was taking the challenges but he didn’t give up, that was why he became a better player. Jordan played basketball for Laney High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. When he was a sophomore Jordan was cut from varsity basketball team. Instead of giving up he was working hard, hour after another. He spent a lot of time in the gym practicing, only reason why he did that was to achieve his goal by becoming a professional player and to make the team.Finally he made the team and let it to the state championship. Jordan then accepted a basketball scholarship from the University of North Carolina. Two years later he got drafted into the NBA. Michael Jordan was the most valuable player for a long time. Everyone knows and consider him the best basketball player ever. There is no such person that doesn’t know who is Michael Jordan. I picked this person because I really think that MJ was the one who brought the game of basketball on a new level. His thoughts and philosophy motivate nowadays other great players.He was a strong guy during his life, the death of his father was a shock for him but he stood still and went back to the NBA. That’s the quality that few people have is moving forward to your dreams no matter what happens in your life. I am going back to MJ’s words † I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † Becoming a successful person is a long way full of failures and mistakes and that makes someone successful in something it’s the dedication and hardwork.

Becoming a Business Accountant Essay

Business Accountant help to ensure that the country’s firms are run efficiently, its taxes are paid on time and its public records stay accurate. Accountants offer a wide variety of business and accounting services. Some of these services are: public, management and government accounting. Their main tasks are preparing, analyzing, and verifying financial documents in order to provide information to clients. Many accountants are required to have a lot of skill and knowledge. Most accountant work in an office, however those that are self-employed may be able to do part of their work at home. Accountants who are employed by public accounting firms and government agencies sometime have to travel often to perform audit at branches of their firm, clients’ places of business, or government facilities. Usually accountants work about a 40-hour week, but most work longer especially if they are self-employed and have many clients. Most accountant position requires at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Beginning accounting positions in the Federal Government requires 4 years of college including 24 semester hour in accounting or an equal amount of education and experience. Also practical knowledge of computers and their applications in accounting is a good thing to have for job seekers in accounting field. People who want a career in accounting should have a skill in mathematics and be able to analyze, compare, and interpret facts and figures quickly. They must be able to communicate the results of their work to clients.

Depth Scales

16. 7 Depth Scales * Explain what is meant by a â€Å"hypnotic depth scale. † * Give examples and explain the issues relating to the use of depth scales When discussing the topic of hypnotic depth they are referring to how ‘deep’ the subject is/can go into hypnosis and what is possible at that perceived level of depth. If you do the research you will find lots of different scales of depth, here I have taken the scale from the coursework provided by Adam Eason School of Therapeutic Hypnosis which upon research appears to originally come from Harry Arons, 1961 1. Hypnoidal – heavy muscle and relaxed nerves – drowsiness – awareness (got out of bed feeling). 2. Light hypnosis – physical response to suggestions – mind focused on suggestions – reacts to arm, etc. rigidity. 3. Medium Hypnosis – deeply relaxed – subject will not speak unless asked – unable to perform actions unless asked to do move arm – rise from chair – move head. 4. Profound Hypnosis (deep hypnosis) – partial amnesia when awakened – posthypnotic suggestions can be submitted – numbing parts of the body (ANALGESIA). 5. Somnambulism – total amnesia and anaesthesia is possible – age regression is possible – positive hallucinations possible. . Profound Somnambulism – removal of programmed information – posthypnotic suggestions – most all suggestions are carried out without questions. Often referred to as a coma state! Difficult to get out of this state – may need to bribe unconscious mind (you will not be allowed o experience this again unless†¦) Now, in 1961, the above scale may have seemed perfectly accurate and as time passes, more and more discoveries are being made about hypnosis and one of those discoveries is that some, if not all of the intended suggestions can easily be obtained at a lower level of depth or lighter trance as is suggested. For instance, amnesia and ideomotor suggestions can take place within light hypnosis and I also know this personally from experiencing this myself from both being a subject and a facilitator of hypnosis. There have also been many scales of susceptibility created to test suggestibility within the ‘depth’ of hypnosis or trance that the subject is in. One particularly scale is the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale created in 1938 which created 3 forms, A, B and C on which consisted of varying levels of tests to be given to the subject. The below list is the example of form A 1 Postural Sway 2 Eye Closure 3 Hand Lowering (left) Immobilisation (right arm) 5 Finger Lock 6 Arm Rigidity (left arm) 7 Hands Moving Together 8 Verbal Inhibition (name) 9 Hallucination (fly) 10 Eye Catalepsy 11 Post-hypnotic (changes chairs) 12 Amnesia There are many more of these scales available for research but I have shown the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale as a prime example of what they consist of. A big issue with the depth scale is does really exist? Are there really levels of hypnosis? I cannot prove it either way, but in therapy, do we need to, If the client believes through our suggestion that they are going deeper, then isn’t real to them.

Psychological experience of leisure (in first person) Essay

Psychological experience of leisure (in first person) - Essay Example However, leisure and the role of leisure in our day lives in terms of the psychological motivations and the elements which combine together to create a sense of leisure are only a recent development in the fields of psychology and sociology. There are instances where one person may find extreme relaxation while another may suffer extreme anxiety, for example, the idea of going to a classical music recital may appeal to some but may be considered torture by others (Caldwell, 1992). The definition of leisure is a complex one since there are a numbers of ways which accurately define what leisure is. In its broadest definition, it can be understood as time left after work is done as it is explained in contemporary terms by Roberts (1999). This does not include an application of this idea to those who are retired or those who have no employment to take up the majority of their time. Additionally, there can be situations where work itself becomes so absorbing and entertaining that it falls under the heading of Leisure (Haworth & Lewis, 2005). Therefore a personal definition of leisure is important and it can be said that a person intrinsically knows when they have experienced leisure as opposed to work that is mentally or physically draining. Additionally, a leisure activity may be influenced by guilt associated with indulgence and avoidance of work which might alter the nature of the experience as well as the quality (Bà ©rubà ©, 2005). In fact, Haworth and Lewis (2005) make the point that research on leisure should be conducted on an experiential basis focusing on the positive dimensions of the leisure experience by including aspects of motivation, autonomy and personal enjoyment. Such an experience of leisure would also cover serious leisure as discussed by Stebbins (2004), who differentiates between the forces of work, leisure and

Questions for Case at the AQRs Momentum Funds (The Momentum Effect) Study

Questions for at the AQRs Momentum Funds (The Momentum Effect) - Case Study Example The existence and ability to implement the strategy despite up or down markets is implied due to the aspect of relative performance as a component of momentum. Authors such as Jegadeesh and Titman in their publication, present models of behavior with a basis on the idea that momentum profits result due to inherent biases in the way an investor interpret given information (7). Others however argue that momentum investors realized massive returns as mere compensation for risk. Generation of momentum returns can be as a result of rational and irrational reasons. Some of these reasons include momentum being a consequence of overreaction and under reaction to news pertaining to the market and failing to incorporate them in their transaction prices. This argument can be explained by examples such as positive announcements from companies resulting in price increases thus more buying of stocks (Jegadeesh & Titman, 10). With respect to the time series of returns, we can conclude that each stock’s past return is a future predictor meaning that stocks with high expected rates of return in adjacent time periods are expected to have high realized rates of returns in both periods. In the case of return reversals, such appear mostly in later years following the formation date where it is most likely that an investor will lose

Microeconomics class; News Article Analysis Essay

Microeconomics class; News Article Analysis - Essay Example According to research by the IMF, what is important is consistency in wealth creation, which eliminates inequality at the long run. Other economics believe that, poverty does not arise from inequality, but the move by the government to increase tax against the rich in efforts of ensuring equal distribution of wealth. Countries that focus more on wealth distribution face lengthy periods of slow economic growth. This is because the level of spending within the county is not only low, but also not uniform. According to the article, unequal countries are poor in terms of social indicators, for example, achievements in education, compared to countries that have equality in income distribution. This is an indication that poor families find it hard to invest in education, which pushes them to higher levels of poverty. Up to some levels, redistribution of wealth does not affect wealth creation. For example, in countries with substantial redistribution, the growth in wealth per individual is not substantially lower. However, countries with more redistribution may face shorter growth spells (The Economist). According to the article, there is a positive correlation between wealth creation and income inequality. In other words, the more unequal a country is, the more the rate of income growth. High-income inequality means that only a small proportion of the population within an economy controls the wealth. Therefore, consumption within the economy is as well concentrated within the small population. There is a direct association connecting wealth creation within an economy and the level of expenditure or consumption. In unequal countries, the level of consumption is low because it is concentrated within a few citizens that own resources. Therefore, there is a lack of enough expenditure to spur growth. Developed countries across the world, create more wealth than the developing countries. This is because the level of expenditure within the economies is

Zinc and immunity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Zinc and immunity - Research Paper Example iciency also manipulates development of the acquired immunity by averting the outgrowth along with some functions of T lymphocytes like production Th1 cytokine, activation and B lymphocyte aid.2 Similarly, development of B-lymphocyte and production of antibody, mainly immunoglobulin G, is tampered. The macrophage, which is an essential cell in most immunologic roles, is negatively affected by the zinc deficiency. It can deregulate cytokine production, intracellular killing, and phagocytosis. The impact of zinc on the main immunologic mediators is based in the myriad duties for zinc in essential cellular duties like RNA transcription, DNA replication, cell division, as well as cell activation. Zinc deficiency potentiates Apoptosis. Zinc as well acts as an antioxidant and is able to alleviate membranes.1-2 In people suffering from trivial zinc deficiency, the clinical signs are impaired smell and taste, depressed immunity, impairment of memory, onset of night blindness and reduced spermatogenesis in males.2 Rigorous zinc deficiency has the characteristics of frequent infections, rigorously depressed immune function, bullous pustular dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea, and mental disturbances.3 Comparable effects of mild as well as rigorous zinc deficiency occur in laboratory animals that are zinc-deficient. An uncommon genetic disorder, called acrodermatitis enteropathica, happens in humans and cattle, resulting in reduced zinc absorption followed by attribute hyperpigmented skin lesions, deprived growth, and low concentrations of plasma zinc.2-3 This research investigates the features of zinc ecology of the immune system and tries to offer a biological foundation for the changed host opposition to infections seen in zinc deficiency as well as supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):447S–63S. Many human and animal studies show that zinc shortage reduces resistance to infectious diseases. Animals that are Zinc deficient have concealed immune responses. They

Ethical Dilemma in Admission Criteria for Nursing School Essay

Ethical Dilemma in Admission Criteria for Nursing School - Essay Example This paper stresses that  the dilemma concerning students’ perspective in admission into nursing schools are caused by costs, expected benefits, and the lengthy of the application process. Nursing education requires a variety of technology and equipment for study. These equipments are costly to buy and maintain. As a result, the institutions of nursing are forced to charge high fees to in order to cover the costs of buying learning equipment and paying highly specialized instructors. Students have to decide whether join or avoid the nursing school costs. Avoiding the costs may lead to short-run savings among the students, but they will miss the opportunities of reaping the long-run benefits from the nursing profession. Similarly, decision to join the college may be associated with a lot of sacrifice to meet the fees requirements.  Thiis discussion highlights that  students believe that nursing courses expose them to comparatively higher paying jobs. However, students are also aware pursuing nursing courses requires extensive reading and sacrificing. Interested students may not be able to decide whether to sacrifice their life for future greater benefits or avoid the pain associated with studying and use the time to study less demanding courses while simultaneously doing other income generating activities. Additionally, the process of joining nursing colleges is lengthy and expensive since students have to pass the stipulated preliminary tests.  

The South Beach Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The South Beach Diet - Essay Example The foods allowed in this phase are starchy carbohydrates, seafood, lean beef/poultry/pork, fruits, dairy (yogurt, milk fat free), vegetables (barley, black-eyed peas, pinto beans, sweet potatoes, yams, onions, and carrots), sweet and chocolates which are semi-sweet and soy products. Agatston believed that that hunger cycles in an individual are triggered by carbohydrate rich food which the body can digest quickly, creating a spike in blood. Such foods include the heavily refined sugars and grains that make up a large part of the typical Western diet. The South Beach Diet eliminates these carbohydrate sources in favor of relatively unprocessed foods such as vegetables, beans, and whole grains which are good sources of carbohydrates. The South Beach Diet eliminates the trans-fats and discourages saturated fats. The foods which contain bad fats may not contribute to hunger cycle but they contribute to LDL cholesterol and heart diseases. Thus the South Beach Diet replaces these bad fats with foods rich in unsaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids which contribute to HDL cholesterol and provide other health benefits.

Violence Against Women (CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Violence Against Women (CASE) - Essay Example The bystander program on violence against women emphasizes all members within the community play a role in ensuring violence against women does not occur. A bystander is the person who witnesses a situation and is neither the victim nor the perpetrator but in someway the person could make a difference if involved in the situation (Postmus, 2013). In many different cases, the bystander program has been found to prevent possible cases of different forms of possible violence. However, in prevention of violence against women, the bystander program has not produced effective results. Most cases of violence against women mainly occur at family level and therefore any bystander would find it difficult to into family matters. In most communities, the family setting recognizes the male as the head of the family and thus is some way justifies the m beating their wives (Davis, S. (2012). Despite this being a form of violence, which is illegal, the bystanders may find it difficult to interrupt or prevent it due the cultural justification in it and the respect for a family. Violence on women is often characterized by ill behavior and is seen as disciplinary action to the woman and hence it is difficult to differentiate between a violence case and intended disciplinary action on a wife (OToole, 2005). It is therefore in appropriate to consider a bystander program as a solution to curb violence on women. Bystander programs could be implemented effectively in other cases such as control of violence among students in a school. It could be effective in such as situation since all the people in the school are at an equal level. It could also be effective in a prevention of sexual violence in universities and college it could be effective in such cases since all the people belong to a similar level and sexual violence is easily identifiable. Various adjustments need to be made

My Tiger Mom Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Tiger Mom - Assignment Example Music is supposed to be about freedom, right? Not at all! Tiger moms choose what you can play. Playing the piano is a requirement. You can’t just play for fun. You play for the win. FTW- For The Win. I hate that urban acronym. It’s always about that. FTW. You can’t be second in anything, or worse, the third. Excel in almost everything! Or face the wrath of your Tiger mom! At first, I thought I played the piano only for my Mom. But I actually loved it. I loved how my fingers created music. I love my piano. I love my music. I love music. I excelled in playing the piano for some time, but soon enough, my peers surpassed me. Mom wasn’t too pleased. I tried my best, but I gave up. I wanted to do something else. I still play the piano, but only when I feel like it. Only when my soul wants me to. Mom didn’t mind because I was doing great in school. Her priority, I mean, our priority, is academic success. Now, let’s talk about sports. My mom was not into sports so much. But she let me swim. I swam and I was free, but not as free as I wanted to be. I wanted sleepovers and more time with my friends. Not that we talked about these things in China. My friends and I only imagined our days of freedom together, falling in love with strangers, and making mistakes.

Pay Equity In Labor Force Movement Essay Example for Free

Pay Equity In Labor Force Movement Essay Debates about women’s rights at work and the gendered dimensions of employment inequality were notable and contested features of Canadian political discourse throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Concern about these issues took root during the 1940s, when women experienced dramatic shifts in their employment opportunities as a result of being drawn into and later jettisoned from the reserve army of wartime labor. Pressure to improve women’s employment conditions, particularly in the burgeoning public sector, recurred in the mid-1950s. However, it was in the 1960s, once the second wave of feminism took root in Canada, that women began to develop a sustained critique of the employment inequalities they experienced and pressure their governments to address the problem through policy innovation and change. (Westhues, 45-58) From the outset of second-wave feminism, women advanced analyses of employment inequality that took account of their labor in both the public and domestic spheres. As Brockman noted, activists â€Å"drew attention, as had never been done before, to the fundamental incompatibility between reproductive labor and child care, on the one hand, and paid work on the other, as well as to the profound consequences of this incompatibility. † (Brockman, 78-93) While liberal, radical, and socialist feminists approached this issue from different ideological vantage points, they shared a common belief that the causes of gender inequality in employment were not rooted solely in the workplace. Only, they claimed, if questions about women’s employment in the public sphere were addressed in tandem with questions about their labor in the domestic sphere would the gendered dimensions of employment inequality be fully understood. In particular, feminists thought that women’s maternal work had to be recognized in discussions about promoting gender equality in the workplace. As Westhues, a well-known socialist feminist, once argued, â€Å"As long as women have the primary responsibility for maintenance of the home and for child care, we will be less than able to pursue job opportunities and our domestic commitments will be used to justify discriminatory employment practices. † (Westhues, 45-58) Growing awareness of the need to link questions about production and reproduction in analyses of women’s economic position was by no means unique to Canadian feminism. It was, for example, well established in the early writing of second-wave feminists in Britain and the United States. What did, however, distinguish Canadian feminists from their counterparts in these other liberal democracies was an ability to work together, despite ideological differences, in order to advance this double-edged critique of gender inequality in employment. Right from the start of the contemporary women’s movement, Canadian feminists engaged with the state, demanding policies that recognized the link between women’s employment opportunities and the provision of child care. Canadian feminists lobbied both federal and provincial governments about the need to improve women’s employment opportunities and expand the provision of child care. It was in the federal arena, however, that women (outside Quebec) focused their demands for the development of policies that acknowledged the link between these two issues. In some respects, this federal focus was surprising. After all, only one-tenth of the Canadian labor force is regulated by the federal government, and even at the start of second-wave feminism both federal and provincial governments had been involved in employment opportunity and child care initiatives. Moreover, even though the federal government has the constitutional capacity to use its spending power to underwrite the provision of state-subsidized child care, it is the provinces that retain constitutional control over the delivery of this service. The federal focus of women’s campaigns was encouraged by the fact that the renaissance of Canadian feminism occurred within the context of a broader social project to achieve universal welfare guarantees, assured by the Canadian state. It was reinforced by the government of Canada’s decision to establish the 1967 Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) to inquire how best the federal government could ensure that women enjoyed â€Å"equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. † It has since been sustained by the work of activists in national organizations, in particular the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), founded in 1972, and the Canadian Day Care Advocacy Association (CDCAA), established in 1982 and renamed the Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC) in 1992. However, despite a long history of feminist engagement with the federal state, women’s repeated campaigns for the development of policies to address the double-edged nature of gender inequality in employment, and the clear recognition of these demands in reports of royal commissions and task forces, the federal policy response has been uneven. Policies to eradicate sex discrimination at work and promote women’s employment opportunities have been developed and implemented in the federal policy sphere. By contrast, the federal government has not developed policies to promote a publicly funded system of child care in order to enhance women’s employment opportunities, save as emergency measures during the Second World War or as an element of broader initiatives to get â€Å"welfare mothers† out to work. Instead it has treated child care as a fiscal issue for which parents can receive subsidies through federal taxation. This paper examines why a double-edged interpretation of women’s employment inequality, which recognizes the public and domestic dimensions of women’s work, has not been fully absorbed into federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment. The analysis follows the development of debates about women’s rights at work from the period of reconstruction after the Second World War, when questions about eradicating employment discrimination against worker-citizens first emerged in Canadian political debate, through to the close of the twentieth century. It examines federal policy developments under Liberal and Conservative governments, showing that even though the reports of federal royal commissions and task forces encoded feminist demands for a double-edged attack on employment inequality, questions about promoting women’s employment equality and child care were continually driven apart in the federal policy process. Women’s Paid and Caring Work  While this is by no means the first time that scholars have considered the relationship between Canadian women’s work inside and outside the home, it is noticeable how the link between these two aspects of women’s labor was explored by historians and sociologists before being addressed by analysts of public policy. In the late 1970s, members of the Women’s History Collective at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the Clio Collective in Montreal pioneered research in Canada on how women’s labor had shifted from the unpaid domestic sphere into the world of paid employment. In the process, they unearthed textual and oral histories that demonstrated how, despite this transition, women still faced the double bind of a double-day in which they went out to work for pay and home to work for love. Their findings were reinforced in late 1970s and 1980s by sociological analyses of women’s work arguing that because women so often entered employment while maintaining primary responsibility for the care of their children, they frequently found themselves concentrated in low-paid, low-status employment. Despite the fact that historians, sociologists, and feminist activists drew attention to the â€Å"double ghetto† of women’s working lives, discussions about policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care evolved as distinct scholarly debates. The literature on policies to promote Canadian women’s employment opportunities emerged within the context of broader discussions and debates about the development of policies to root out discrimination in the workplace. By contrast, the literature on Canadian child care policy evolved around questions about the development, cost, and politics of implementing public policies to promote the welfare, education, care, and development of young children. In recent years, however, policy analysts have paid much greater attention to the link between women’s paid and caring work. Jacobs, 120-128) Nonetheless, no one has yet considered why Canadian government policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care have been developed at such different rates and, despite repeated calls to the contrary, not linked in the design of public policies to promote gender equality in federally regulated employment. This pattern of inquiry is understandable, given the discrete historical development of policies concerned with child care and those concerned with women’s employment. However, it unduly limits our understanding of the gendered dimensions of employment inequality in Canada and fails to capture the empirical reality of many women’s working lives. Double-Edged Nature of Women’s Employment Inequality Why did women’s double-edged demand for equal employment opportunities and child care emerge in Canada in the 1960s and 1970s? After all, from the mid-1950s Canada experienced one of the fastest rates of labor force feminization in the Western industrialized world. The decline of manufacturing industries and the concomitant growth of the tertiary sector in the 1950s and 1960s meant that while industries that had traditionally attracted men closed down, those demanding support skills that had long characterized women’s traditional domestic roles expanded. Moreover, in countries like Canada, where welfare states were being established, the growth in women’s employment intensified most quickly. The much trumpeted rise in female labor force participation rates did not, however, mean that women engaged in paid employment on the same terms as men. The occupational segregation of Canadian men and women persisted in both horizontal and vertical forms. In fact, this process intensified with the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. As a result, the vast majority of women found themselves working in poorly paid occupations, situated in the lower echelons of private companies and public sector organizations. Moreover, as Jacobs have noted, although the creation of welfare states meant that â€Å"women as a group had more employment opportunities open up for them than men† in the mid-twentieth century, the growth in women’s employment was in the part-time sector of the labor force, which was increasingly dominated by women in all OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Jacobs, 120-128) This simply intensified the inequalities of employment opportunity that women experienced because part-time work is concentrated in the least-skilled, lowest-paid, and most poorly organized sections of the labor force, where benefits are usually more limited than in the full-time sector. The rapid growth in women’s participation in part-time rather than fulltime employment reflects two other factors about the feminization of the Canadian labor force. On the one hand, it relates to the type of work that the service sector has generated and to the increasing flexibility demanded of its employees. On the other hand, it reflects the fact that the greatest increase in female labor force participation rates since the 1960s has been among women with young children. In the early 1960s, most female employees in Canada would leave the workforce when their first child was born and return only when their youngest child had entered school. By the mid-1980s most women with young children went out to work. Indeed, as Pendakur have noted, â€Å"By 1991 all traces of the reproduction function had disappeared with female labor force participation rates peaking in the major family-rearing age categories†. The double burden that women experience from juggling their employment while continuing to care for their children has been reinforced by the limited provision of subsidized child care spaces in Canada. In the late 1960s, when women began to pressure the federal government to address the minimal provision of child care for working women, federal subsidies for child care were limited to support for welfare mothers under the 1966 Canada Assistance Plan. This pattern changed very little in the course of the twentieth century, although federal subsidies to support child care for low-income families became increasingly tied to efforts to get mothers receiving welfare out to work. Although recent federal publications on the status of day care in Canada boast â€Å"a twenty-five-fold increase† in child care spaces since the government first gathered these data in 1971, in fact the proportion of children of working mothers who have access to regulated child care remains very low. As a result, most working parents remain highly dependent on informal, unregulated child care. Indeed, as Brockman noted, in the mid-1990s â€Å"children in informal child care arrangements accounted for eighty per cent of all child care used by parents in Canada. † (Brockman, 78-93) The federal state in Canada has addressed questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women in the public sphere with relative ease but has failed to recognize that this project cannot be achieved without addressing the questions of child care that affect so many women’s working lives. While the reasons for this are complex, some insights from feminist theory may help us to begin this exploration. In recent years, a number of feminist theorists have discussed how the concept of worker-citizenship that took root as welfare states were developed in countries such as Canada did not take account of the different contexts in which women and men often assumed employment. (Pendakur, 111-120) As a result, when questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women began to emerge in the 1950s and ’60s, they were framed in terms of women achieving the same opportunities as men. Indeed, Canadian have tried to develop a more nuanced concept of worker citizenship that not only respects the objective of equality of opportunity but also takes workers’ particular circumstances into account and, in the case of women, enables them to integrate their paid and caring work better. In the process, women have argued that a state that upholds the principle of gender equality must develop policies that take account of the interconnectedness of the public and domestic spheres and recognize the different contexts in which men and women often assume employment. Conclusion Nonetheless, although Canadian feminists have a long history of active engagement with the state, developed through a â€Å"visible and articulate women’s movement† that has successfully placed issues on the political agenda, the result, more often than not, has been that their demands have been contained within a limited set of reforms. As a result, those aspects of gender discrimination in the workplace that concern practices within the public sphere have been acknowledged through the introduction of anti-discrimination and employment equity policies. By contrast, women have had more difficulty getting their proposals for policies that transcend the public/ private divide, by linking questions of equal employment opportunity with those of child care, acknowledged in the federal policy arena. Despite their efforts to forge these links through two major royal commissions and other government inquiries, problems of gender inequality in employment are still primarily defined as issues located within the public sphere of employment. Without doubt, over the past thirty years there have been clear improvements in the position of women in the federally regulated section of the Canadian labor force. Nonetheless, women continue to cluster in the lower echelons of companies and organizations and remain under-represented in more senior positions. While this persistent pattern of inequality has many causes, paper shows how it reflects a federal policy process that concentrates on ensuring the comparable treatment of male and female employees once they have entered the labor market, yet, for complex reasons, repeatedly stalls on developing a more expansive approach to child care. As a result, federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment neglect the inequalities of access and participation that many women experience as they continue or resume employment once they have dependent children.